NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES: CHARACTERISTICS OF RHABDOVIRUSES AND THEIR LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Abstract

Background: Rabies virus (RABV) is a classical neurotropic pathogen and the most lethal infectious agent known, belonging to the genus Lyssavirus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Although preventable, it continues to cause tens of thousands of human deaths annually, primarily in low- and middle-income countries, representing a persistent global public health challenge. Objective: To analyze the fundamental characteristics of neurotropic rhabdoviruses, with a focus on their structural features, replication cycle, neuropathogenesis, and the current laboratory diagnostic methods available for their detection. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, synthesizing information on the virology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of rabies virus. Results: Rhabdoviruses are characterized by a unique bullet-shaped morphology and a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome encoding five structural proteins. Pathogenesis is defined by high neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism, with the virus traveling via peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. Laboratory diagnosis relies on post-mortem detection of viral antigen in brain tissue via the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (dFAT), considered the gold standard. Molecular methods, particularly real-time RT-PCR, have significantly improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Rhabdoviruses are highly neurotropic pathogens with complex pathogenic mechanisms. A combination of traditional and modern molecular diagnostic techniques, primarily dFAT and RT-PCR, is essential for accurate and timely confirmation of infection.