CURRENT ISSUES IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS, COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF SURGICAL AND ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES

Abstract

Background: Surgical and oncological diseases remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis, multimodal treatment, and effective prevention strategies are critical to improving outcomes. Objective: To analyze current challenges and advances in the early detection, comprehensive management, and prevention of surgical cancers. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature from 2015–2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Key topics included biomarkers, imaging, neoadjuvant therapy, minimally invasive surgery, and public health prevention. Results: Early diagnosis is hampered by nonspecific symptoms and limited access to screening. Novel liquid biopsies and AI-assisted imaging show promise. Comprehensive treatment now integrates targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and precision surgery. Prevention through vaccination (HBV, HPV) and lifestyle modification reduces incidence. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary approaches and health system strengthening are essential to address current gaps.