ENDOCRINE AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMORBIDITY IN WOMEN WITH CERVICAL ECTOPIA AND EARLY-PREGNANCY REPRODUCTIVE LOSSES

Abstract

The formation of cervical ectopia is closely linked to hormonal imbalance, and systemic disorders — above all endocrine and cardiovascular disease — may reflect the underlying hormonal–metabolic background of women with recurrent pregnancy loss. The contribution of these particular comorbidities to early reproductive losses remains insufficiently studied.